Package: build-essential
This package is normally required for building Debian packages, it is OK to install it since it includes all what is necessary to get a C/C++ Development Environment.

# apt install build-essential

Package: gcc-doc
Documentation for the GNU compilers (gcc, gobjc, g++)

# apt install gcc-doc

Virtual Package: libc-dev
Package: libc<version>-dev
GNU C Library: Development Libraries and Header Files
Contains the symlinks, headers, and object files needed to compile and link programs which use the standard C library

Package: libstdc++-<version>-dev
GNU Standard C++ Library v3 (development files)
This package contains the headers and static library files necessary for building C++ programs which use libstdc++.

Package: libstdc++-<version>-doc
GNU Standard C++ Library v3 (documentation files)
This package contains documentation files for the GNU stdc++ library.

Package: gcc
GNU C compiler
This is the GNU C compiler, a fairly portable optimizing compiler for C.

Package: g++
GNU C++ compiler
This is the GNU C++ compiler, a fairly portable optimizing compiler for C++.

Package: make
Utility for directing compilation
GNU make is a utility which controls the generation of executables and other target files of a program from the program’s source files.
It determines automatically which pieces of a large program need to be (re)created, and issues the commands to (re)create them.
make can be used to organize any task in which targets (files) are to be automatically updated based on input files whenever the corresponding input is newer. It is not limited to building computer programs. Indeed, make is a general purpose dependency solver.

Package: manpages-dev
Manual pages about using GNU/Linux for development
These man pages describe the Linux programming interface, including these two sections:
2 = Linux system calls.
3 = Library calls (note that a more comprehensive source of information may be found in the glibc-doc and glibc-doc-reference packages).

Package: ccache
Compiler cache for fast recompilation of C/C++ code
It speeds up recompilation by caching previous compilations and detecting when the same compilation is being done again.